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Journal of International Oncology 2025, 52 (1): 3-22. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20250103-00002 Abstract（ 1080） HTML（ 40） PDF（pc）（2876KB）（ 802） Knowledge map Save Table and Figures|Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Journal of International Oncology 2024, 51 (1): 1-20. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20231221-00001 Abstract（ 507） HTML（ 94） PDF（pc）（2788KB）（ 433） Knowledge map Save Table and Figures|Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Comparative analysis of lung cancer incidence and mortality trends and risk factors in China and the United States based on GBD data He Jiahui, Hu Qinyong Journal of International Oncology 2024, 51 (1): 29-36. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20230810-00003 Abstract（ 494） HTML（ 26） PDF（pc）（2193KB）（ 94） Knowledge map Save ObjectiveTo conduct comparative analysis of lung cancer incidence and mortality， as well as long-term trends in incidence and mortality rates and risk factors in China and the United States from 1990 to 2019 based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 （GBD 2019）. MethodsThe GBD 2019 database was used to extract new lung cancer cases， deaths， and age-standardized rate data for the analysis of lung cancer incidence and deaths in China and the United States based on different sex and age groups from 1990 to 2019. Joinpoint software was used to calculate and analyze annual percentage change （APC） and average annual percentage change （AAPC） of age-standardized incidence rate （ASIR） and age-standardized mortality rate （ASMR） of lung cancer in China and the United States from 1990 to 2019， and to analyze the long-term trends. Risk factors associated with lung cancer mortality in China and the United States were analyzed using the disability-adjusted life years （DALYs）. ResultsNew cases of lung cancer in China increased from 257 000 cases in 1990 to 832 900 cases in 2019， and ASIR increased from 30.20/100 000 in 1990 to 41.71/100 000 in 2019； deaths increased from 256 300 cases in 1990 to 757 200 cases in 2019， and ASMR increased from 31.18/100 000 in 1990 to 38.70/100 000 in 2019. ASIR and ASMR for lung cancer in the United States showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2019， with ASIR decreasing from 58.87/100 000 in 1990 to 45.13/100 000 in 2019， and ASMR decreasing from 49.35/100 000 in 1990 to 36.11/100 000 in 2019. In terms of gender， the disease burden of lung cancer in Chinese males was higher than that of females in 1990 and 2019， with new cases of lung cancer in males rising from 179 000 in 1990 to 576 200 in 2019， and ASIR rising from 44.29/100 000 in 1990 to 61.74/100 000 in 2019， mortality rising from 177 900 in 1990 to 523 200 in 2019， and ASMR rising from 46.33/100 000 in 1990 to 58.10/100 000 in 2019. The number of new cases of lung cancer in Chinese females rose from 78 100 in 1990 to 256 700 in 2019， and ASIR rose from 18.01/100 000 in 1990 to 24.76/100 000 in 2019； the number of deaths rose from 78 400 in 1990 to 234 000 in 2019， and ASMR rose from 18.63/100 000 in 1990 to 22.86/100 000 in 2019. In 2019， lung cancer incidence rates for males and females in China and the United States showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with age， with incidence rates of lung cancer in Chinese males and females peaking in the age group of 85-89 years old； and in the United States， incidence rates of lung cancer in males peaked in the age group of 85-89 years old， and incidence rates of females peaked in the age group of 80-84 years old. In 2019， it was shown that mortality rate of lung cancer among males in China increased and then decreased with age， reaching a peak in the age group of 85-89 years old， and mortality rate of lung cancer among females increased with age， reaching a peak in the age group of ≥95 years old. In the United States， lung cancer mortality rate for males and females showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with age， peaking in the 85-89 and 80-84 age groups， respectively. Incidence and mortality rates were higher for males than females in all age groups in China and the United States in 1990 and 2019. The analysis results of Joinpoint software showed that ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer in China showed an overall increasing trend from 1990 to 2019， with an AAPC of 1.16% （95% CI： 0.93%-1.38%， P<0.001） for ASIR and 0.78% （95% CI： 0.56%-1.01%， P<0.001） for ASMR， with the most obviously increasing trend in ASIR and ASMR from 1997 to 2004， the APC were 2.84% and 2.58%， respectively. Lung cancer ASIR and ASMR in the United States population showed a decreasing trend， with an AAPC of -1.08% （95% CI： -1.20%-0.96%， P<0.001） for ASIR and -1.05% （95% CI： -1.24%--0.87%， P<0.001） for ASMR. In 1990 and 2019， the major mortality-related risk factor for lung cancer in China and the United States was smoking， and the major mortality-related risk factor for lung cancer in Chinese females was environmental particulate matter pollution. ConclusionASIR and ASMR of lung cancer in China show an increasing trend from 1990 to 2019， and ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer in the United States show a decreasing trend. In 2019， incidence rate of lung cancer in males and females in China show an increasing and then decreasing trend with age， mortality rate of lung cancer for males show an increasing and then decreasing trend with age， and mortality rate of lung cancer for females show an increasing trend with age. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates for males and females in the United States in 2019 show an increasing and then decreasing trend with age. In both 1990 and 2019， incidence rates and mortality rates are higher for males than for females in all age groups in both China and the United States. Smoking is the major mortality-related risk factor for lung cancer in China and the United States， and environmental particulate matter pollution is the major mortality-related risk factor for lung cancer in Chinese females. 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Breakthroughs and challenges： clinical application and progress of proton and heavy ion radiotherapy for malignant tumors Kong Lin, Lu Jiade Journal of International Oncology 2024, 51 (7): 417-423. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240621-00069 Abstract（ 465） HTML（ 14） PDF（pc）（811KB）（ 71） Knowledge map Save Particle beam radiation therapy （PBRT）， using proton and heavy ion （mainly carbon ion in clinical practice） beams， provides precise cancer treatment by targeting tumor sites while sparing healthy tissues， by leveraging the Bragg peak for superior dose distribution. Proton beams have a relative-biological-effectiveness （RBE） of 1.1， which is slightly higher than that of photon beams. And carbon ions have an RBE of 2-3 due to their high linear energy transfer， thus being more advantageous for radioresistant and hypoxic tumors. Treatment strategies include single-beam and mixed-beam approaches， the latter of which combines the advantages of different particles and is an important direction of cancer treatment research. PBRT faces challenges such as managing moving targets and dose uncertainties， requiring advanced techniques like respiratory gating and adaptive planning. Additionally， the scarcity of randomized clinical trials （RCTs） limits PBRT's clinical validation. Existing RCTs， such as those from MD Anderson， indicate the benefits， as well as the need for further studies to confirm PBRT's long-term efficacy and safety. Future research should compare PBRT to photon therapy and explore the therapeutic benefit of combining PBRT with systemic therapies like immunotherapy. Reviewing the clinical practice and research of PBRT， and further discussing its cost-effectiveness in tumor treatment， can provide readers with a comprehensive understanding and promote the development and application of PBRT in cancer treatment. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab combined with capecitabine in the treatment of advanced breast cancer Zhou Ting, Xu Shaohua, Mei Lin Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (3): 144-149. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20230116-00029 Abstract（ 438） HTML（ 28） PDF（pc）（861KB）（ 171） Knowledge map Save ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab combined with capecitabine in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.MethodsSeventy-six patients with advanced breast cancer who were diagnosed in the Cancer Center of the People's Liberation Army Navy Anqing Hospital from August 2019 to May 2021 were selected. According to different treatment schemes， the patients were divided into the control group （using single drug capecitabine） and the test group （using bevacizumab combined with capecitabine）， with 38 cases in each group. After 4 cycles of treatment， the clinical efficacy， progression-free survival （PFS）， overall survival （OS） and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups， and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）-121， VEGF-145， VEGF-165 and quality of life before and after treatment were compared.ResultsThe objective remission rate of the test group [57.89% （22/38）] was higher than that of the control group [42.11% （16/38）]， but there was no statistically significant difference （χ2=1.89，P=0.169）； The disease control rate of the test group [81.58% （31/38）] was better than that of the control group [55.26% （21/38）]， there was a statistically significant difference （χ2=6.09，P=0.014）. The median PFS of patients in the test group （6.3 months） was longer than that in the control group （4.2 months）， there was a statistically significant difference （χ2=0.48，P=0.003）； The median OS of patients in the test group （14.8 months） was not significantly different from that in the control group （13.2 months） （χ2=0.15，P=0.704）. After treatment， the expression level of serum VEGF-121 [（201.25±18.37） ng/Lvs.（276.83±20.26） ng/L]， VEGF-145 [（102.24±12.16） ng/Lvs.（170.39±15.28） ng/L]， VEGF-165 [（135.08±14.32） ng/Lvs.（210.53±16.09） ng/L] in the test group was lower than that in the control group， there were statistically significant differences （t=17.03，P<0.001；t=21.51，P<0.001；t=21.59，P<0.001）. After treatment， patients in the test group were assessed according to 36-item Short-Form （SF-36） physiological function [（80.18±13.96） scorevs.（71.72±16.12） score]， physiological function [（67.19±30.62） scorevs.（53.12±9.86） score]， physical pain [（70.01±17.97） scorevs.（61.06±17.57） score]， overall health [（68.67±18.92） scorevs.（57.96±20.97） score]， vitality [（78.39±19.37） scorevs.（68.26±18.52） score]， social function [（82.24±19.73） scorevs.（70.92±20.31） score]， the scores of emotional function [（73.81±28.86） scorevs.（60.23±29.19） score] and mental health [（76.19±12.82） scorevs.（70.31±12.54） score] were higher than those of the control group， there were statistically significant differences （t=2.45，P=0.017；t=2.03，P=0.046；t=2.19，P=0.031；t=2.34，P=0.022；t=2.33，P=0.023；t=2.46，P=0.016；t=2.04，P=0.045；t=2.02，P=0.047）. The incidence of adverse reactions in the test group [18.42% （7/38）] was lower than that in the control group [76.32% （29/38）]， there was a statistically significant difference （χ2=25.54，P<0.001）.ConclusionThe combination of bevacizumab and capecitabine chemotherapy has a higher clinical effect on advanced breast cancer， which can significantly reduce the level of VEGF in patients， improve the quality of life of patients， with mild adverse reactions and high safety. Table and Figures|Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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A predictive model for immunotherapy efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer constructed based on CT image-weighted radiomics score Liu Haiyan, Zhang Chao Journal of International Oncology 2025, 52 (4): 202-208. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240618-00034 Abstract（ 426） HTML（ 11） PDF（pc）（1310KB）（ 83） Knowledge map Save ObjectiveTo construct a predictive model for the efficacy of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） based on CT image-weighted radiomics score.MethodsA total of 185 patients with NSCLC who received immunotherapy in Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2021 to December 2023 were selected as the study objects. All patients underwent 3 consecutive cycles of nivolumab （240 mg） treatment，and therapeutic efficacy was evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. The patients were divided into treatment-effective group and treatment-ineffective group based on therapeutic outcomes. Based on pre-treatment arterial phase CT images，all volume regions of interest were resampled using PyRadiomics tool，and image preprocessing was performed （including methods such as Wavelet transform and Laplacian filtering）. The multi-focal imaging radiomics features of the two groups of patients were extracted，and standardized processing of the extracted features was carried out on the Dr. Wise research platform. At the same time，a CT image-weighted radiomics score model was constructed using an attention-based multi-instance learning （a-MIL） algorithm，the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator （LASSO） regression，and logistic regression，and the CT image-weighted radiomics score of each patient was calculated. The nomogram was plotted using R software （version R4.3.3） and the rms package. The concordance index （C-index） was used to evaluate the concordance of the model. Receiver operator characteristic （ROC） curve was used to evaluate the performance of the nomogram model in predicting immunotherapy efficacy in NSCLC. The calibration curve was used to evaluate the consistency of the predicted probabilities with the actual outcomes，while the decision curve was used to evaluate net benefit of the model across different thresholds.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in sex （χ²=3.86，P=0.049），pathological type （χ²=8.41，P=0.015），smoking history （χ²=5.70，P=0.017），and pre-treatment pulmonary metastasis （χ²=5.88，P=0.015） between the treatment-effective group （n=66） and treatment-ineffective group （n=119）. The original multi-focal radiomics features were weighted and summated by a-MIL algorithm at case level，and a total of 342 imaging radiomics features were extracted，162 features among which had good consistency （intra-class correlation coefficient >0.80）. After variance analysis，134 features were eliminated，28 features remained. After dimensionality reduction by LASSO regression，7 imaging radiomics features were obtained. They were GLCMEnergy_angle45_offset，ShortRunEmphasis_angle90_offset1，maximum gray value，Spiculation，GLCMEnergy_angle45_offset7，Sphericity，and Vessel. Based on the above imaging radiomics features，the weighted radiomics score model was constructed as follows：Radscore=0.624+0.022×GLCMEnergy_angle45_offset-0.227×ShortRunEmphasis_angle90_offset1+0.395×maximum gray value-8.687×Spiculation+0.384×GLCMEnergy_angle45_offset7-0.012×Sphericity-0.284×Vessel. The CT image-weighted radiomics score in the treatment-effective group （0.75±0.10） was significantly higher than that in the treatment-ineffective group （0.43±0.14），with a statistically significant difference （t=18.00，P<0.001）. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve （AUC） of CT image-weighted radiomics score for predicting immunotherapy efficacy of NSCLC was 0.96 （95%CI：0.92-0.98），and the optimal cutoff value was 0.62. Multivariate analysis showed CT image-weighted radiomics score ≥0.62 （OR=14.77，95%CI：3.25-22.35，P<0.001），pathological type （squamous cell carcinoma） （OR=1.74，95%CI：1.35-3.52，P=0.035），smoking history （OR=4.01，95%CI：1.05-15.30，P=0.042），and pre-treatment pulmonary metastasis （OR=1.20，95%CI：1.01-1.38，P=0.010） were all independent predictors of immunotherapy effectiveness in NSCLC. Based on the above 4 variables，a nomogram model was constructed to predict the immunotherapy efficacy of NSCLC，and the model validation results showed that the C-index was 0.96 （95%CI：0.93-0.99）. Calibration curve analysis showed good consistency of the predicted probabilities with the actual probabilities，closely aligning with the ideal curve. ROC curve analysis showed that AUC was 0.97 （95%CI：0.94-0.99）. Decision curve analysis showed that the model had a net benefit within the prediction range of 2% to 100%.ConclusionThe nomogram model based on CT image-weighted radiomics score is effective in predicting immunotherapy efficacy of NSCLC patients. Table and Figures|Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Analysis of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality in China from 1992 to 2021 based on the age-period-cohort model Hu Jiabao, Hua Sha, Chen Wei, Ma Lina Journal of International Oncology 2025, 52 (4): 217-223. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20241030-00036 Abstract（ 423） HTML（ 6） PDF（pc）（2171KB）（ 27） Knowledge map Save ObjectiveTo analyze the incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer in China from 1992 to 2021，and to explore the effects of age，period，and cohort on pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality.MethodsData from the Global Burden of Disease Study （GBD） 2021 database were used to analyze the incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer in China from 1992 to 2021. The Joinpoint software was applied to analyze the time trends of standardized incidence and mortality rates，and to calculate the average annual percentage change. An age-period-cohort model was constructed to analyze the effects of age，period，and birth cohort on the trends of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality. The disease burden of pancreatic cancer deaths attributed to risk factors such as hyperglycemia and smoking was analyzed.ResultsIn 2021，the incidence of pancreatic cancer in China was 8.34/100 000，and the mortality rate was 8.41/100 000，representing increases of 150.45% and 145.19%，respectively，compared to 1992 （3.33/100 000 and 3.43/100 000）. By sex，the incidence （9.93/100 000） and mortality （9.91/100 000） rates in males in 2021 were higher than those in females （6.68/100 000 and 6.83/100 000）. From 1992 to 2021，the standardized incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer in China showed upward trends，with average annual increases of 0.80% and 0.62%，respectively，both of which were statistically significant （bothP<0.001）. Age effect results indicated a general increasing trend in pancreatic cancer incidence，with a steady rise in the 15-49 age group，a sharp increase after the age of 50，and a peak in the over 85 age group at 68.64/100 000. The mortality rate showed a slow increase in the 15-79 age group，with a marked rise and peak in the 80-84 age group at 196.51/100 000. Period effect results showed an overall upward trend in the period relative risk （RR） for pancreatic cancer incidence，with the highest risk in 2017-2021 （RR=1.09，95%CI：1.05-1.13，P=0.012），compared to the reference period 2002-2006 （RR=1）. TheRRfor pancreatic cancer mortality showed a fluctuating trend，with the highest risk in 2012-2016 （RR=1.60，95%CI：1.07-2.38，P=0.021），compared to the reference period 2002-2006 （RR=1）. The results of cohort effect showed that the incidence and mortality risk of pancreatic cancer in China generally increased with the increase of years. With the 1952-1956 birth cohort as the reference cohort （RR=1），the incidence （RR=1.18，95%CI：0.99-1.40，P=0.032） and mortality （RR=1.63，95%CI：0.12-11.53，P=0.042） risk of pancreatic cancer were the highest in the 1987-1991 birth cohort, and showed decreasing trends after the 1992-1996 birth cohort. The proportion of pancreatic cancer deaths attributable to high blood glucose showed an increasing trend，while those attributable to smoking showed a decreasing trend.ConclusionsFrom 1992 to 2021，the standardized incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer in China have continued to rise，with males having higher incidence and mortality rates than females. Age，period，and cohort all significantly influence the trends in pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality. The trend in pancreatic cancer deaths attributable to high blood glucose is increasing. Table and Figures|Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Research progress of habitat analysis in radiomics of malignant tumors Fu Yi, Ma Chenying, Zhang Lu, Zhou Juying Journal of International Oncology 2024, 51 (5): 292-297. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240108-00049 Abstract（ 394） HTML（ 29） PDF（pc）（722KB）（ 214） Knowledge map Save Nowadays， the research on traditional radiomics has gradually matured. However， it usually regards the tumor as a whole， and high-throughput data are often generated in the entire tumor region， which cannot express clear spatial heterogeneity. In order to explore the potential biological information within tumors and realize individualized precise diagnosis and treatment， habitat analysis technology emerges at the historic moment， which provides a new way of thinking to identify tumor microenvironment. On the basis of traditional radiomics， the tumor cell population with similar characteristics is clustered， and the tumor is segmented into multiple sub-regions. Therefore， the study of tumor is no longer limited by the subjective differences of observers in the description of imaging features， and the information of tumor spatial heterogeneity is ideally obtained. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Research progress on the mechanism of bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy Sun Qi, Li Wenqian, Xie Youbang, Zhou Houfa Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (1): 33-36. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20221005-00006 Abstract（ 383） HTML（ 14） PDF（pc）（785KB）（ 163） Knowledge map Save As an effective treatment for cancer， chemotherapy not only removes tumor cells， but also produces obvious killing effects on proliferating cells， especially hematopoietic cells， resulting in bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy， and affecting the effects of chemotherapy drug treatment and treatment cycle. Therefore， starting from the aspects of hematopoietic microenvironment damage and hematopoietic stem cell aging， to explore the mechanism of myelosuppression after chemotherapy， which provides new ideas and theoretical support for the intervention and management of bone marrow suppression after cancer chemotherapy. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (3): 129-137. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20230217-00027 Abstract（ 370） HTML（ 50） PDF（pc）（4432KB）（ 843） Knowledge map Save Table and Figures|Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Role of tertiary lymphoid structures in tumor immune microenvironment regulation and anti-tumor therapy Cao Mengqing, Xu Zhiyong, Shi Yuting, Wang Kai Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (3): 169-173. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20221121-00033 Abstract（ 363） HTML（ 12） PDF（pc）（738KB）（ 150） Knowledge map Save Tertiary lymphoid structures （TLSs） is important channel for tumor immune cell infiltration. The existence of tumor TLSs is not only related to the prognosis of patients， but also to the efficacy of a variety of anti-tumor therapies. To explore the function and immunomodulatory mechanism of TLSs and its potential value as a tumor prognostic biomarker in comprehensive anti-tumor therapy will provide new ideas for follow-up research. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Efficacy and safety of linear accelerator-based fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for small volume brain metastases Zhao Yongrui, Gao Ying, Chen Yidong, Xu Jiankun Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (3): 138-143. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20221214-00028 Abstract（ 348） HTML（ 18） PDF（pc）（965KB）（ 125） Knowledge map Save ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy and safety of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy （FSRT） based on linear accelerator for small volume brain metastases.MethodsA total of 21 patients with small volume brain metastases who received FSRT from August 2020 to June 2022 were enrolled as subjects， including 45 lesions. Small-volume brain metastases were defined as ≤3 cm in diameter and ≤6 cm3in volume， and the dose/fractionation scheme was 27-30 Gy/3 F or 30-40 Gy/5 F. Three months after radiotherpy，the efficacy of FSRT in small brain metastases and the incidence of radiation brain injury were evaluated， and the incidence of radiation brain injury in subgroup analysis was performed according to the diameter， volume， dose/fractionation scheme， biological effective dose （BED）10， and location of lesions.ResultsTwenty-four lesions （53.33%， 24/45） were evaluated as complete response， another 13 lesions （28.89%， 13/45） were evaluated as partial response， and in the remaining 8 lesions （17.78%， 8/45） were evaluated as stable disease. The local control rate was 100% （45/45）， the objective remission rate was 82.22% （37/45）， and the intracranial distant progression rate was 23.81% （5/21）. During the treatment and follow-up， there were 7 lesions （15.56%， 7/45） of radiation-induced brain injury， and the incidence of symptomatic radiation-induced brain injury was 11.11% （5/45）. Subgroup analysis showed that the incidence of radiation brain injury in the group with a lesion diameter of 2-3 cm was higher than that with a lesion diameter of <2 cm group， with a statistically significant difference [80.00% （4/5）vs.7.50% （3/40），χ2=12.69，P<0.001]； the incidence rate of radiation brain injury in the group with lesion volume of 4-6 cm3was higher than that with lesion volume of <4 cm3group， with a statistically significant difference [57.14% （4/7）vs.7.89% （3/38），χ2=7.49，P=0.006]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of radiation brain injury between the dose/fractionation scheme of lesions 27-30 Gy/3 F and 30-40 Gy/5 F [9.52% （2/21）vs.20.83% （5/24），χ2=0.40，P=0.527]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of radiation brain injury between the BED10<60 Gy and ≥60 Gy [28.57% （2/7）vs.13.16% （5/38），χ2=0.22，P=0.641]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of radiation brain injury between the lesions in the same lobe and the single or multiple lesions in different lobes [28.57% （4/14）vs.9.68% （3/31），χ2=1.38，P=0.240）.ConclusionFSRT based on linear accelerator is effective for small volume brain metastases. Brain metastases with the diameter <2 cm or volume <4 cm3are associated with a lower incidence of radiation brain injury than that of lesions with the diameter of 2-3 cm or volume of 4-6 cm3. Table and Figures|Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Research progress of primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma Ma Pengcheng, Chen Yu Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (3): 174-178. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20221121-00034 Abstract（ 342） HTML（ 11） PDF（pc）（741KB）（ 143） Knowledge map Save Primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma （PPLELC） is a distinct type of lung cancer with histological profiles similar to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The development is associated with EBV and plasma EBV DNA has predictive value in the progression and prognosis of PPLELC. PPLELC is different from some other types of lung cancer in that it has a low mutation rate of the classical lung cancer driver genes and targeted therapy is ineffective for it. Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy may be the best first-line treatment option for patients with advanced PPLELC. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Journal of International Oncology 2025, 52 (8): 470-483. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20250312-00082 Abstract（ 339） HTML（ 13） PDF（pc）（1051KB）（ 156） Knowledge map Save Table and Figures|Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Mechanism of hydrogen sulfide in tumorigenesis and development and its donor-mediated anti-tumor effects Zhu Yi, Chen Jian Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (12): 729-733. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20230605-00137 Abstract（ 320） HTML（ 11） PDF（pc）（740KB）（ 76） Knowledge map Save Hydrogen sulfide is a gas signaling molecule in the human body that can influence angiogenesis， regulate tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy， and interact with other signaling molecules in the tumor microenvironment. It plays a role in inhibiting tumorigenesis and development through various pathways. Hydrogen sulfide donors primarily exhibit anti-tumor effects， and many studies are focused on using various donors to release hydrogen sulfide in a controlled manner and maintain therapeutic concentrations. Traditional Chinese medicine shows great potential. The mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide action are complex and diverse， and further research is needed to explore and confirm them， providing a theoretical basis for the development of therapeutic drugs regulating hydrogen sulfide. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Construction of postoperative prognosis model for patients with colorectal cancer Huang Zhen, Zhang Caiyutian, Ke Shaobo, Shi Wei, Zhao Wensi, Chen Yongshun Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (3): 157-163. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20221123-00031 Abstract（ 319） HTML（ 11） PDF（pc）（1112KB）（ 119） Knowledge map Save ObjectiveTo screen the factors influencing overall survival （OS） of patients undergoing radical resection for colorectal cancer （CRC） and to construct a prognostic model for OS of patients after CRC.MethodsThe clinical data of 350 patients with stage Ⅰ-Ⅳ CRC who underwent radical resection in the People's Hospital of Wuhan University from March 2017 to December 2019 were collected retrospectively. Patients were divided into subgroups 0 （n=70）， 1 （n=172）， and 2 （n=108） according to different preoperative systemic inflammation score （SIS）. The relationship between different SIS， neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio （NLR）， lymphocyte to monocyte ratio （LMR）， systemic immune inflammation index （SII） and prognosis of CRC patients undergoing radical surgical resection were analyzed， and Cox regression models were used to perform univariate and multifactorial analyses of factors affecting patient prognosis， and column line graph models were constructed based on the results of multifactorial analyses.ResultsBy the deadline of follow-up， 80 of 350 CRC patients died， and the 5-year OS rate was 77.14%. The 5-year survival rates of patients in SIS group 0， group 1 and group 2 were 95.71%， 79.65% and 61.11% respectively， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=30.19，P<0.001）. Statistically significant differences in age （χ2=19.40，P<0.001）， tumor site （χ2=8.18，P=0.017）， T stage （χ2=10.01，P=0.007）， TNM stage （χ2=14.80，P=0.001）， tumor diameter （χ2=13.91，P=0.001） and carcino-embryonic antigen （CEA） level （χ2=10.12，P=0.006） among patients in SIS group 0， group 1 and group 2. The 5-year OS rates of patients in the low NLR and high NLR groups were 82.67% and 56.16% respectively， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=24.96，P<0.001）； the 5-year OS rates of patients in the low LMR and high LMR groups were 66.85% and 88.17% respectively， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=22.45，P<0.001）； the 5-year OS rates of patients in the low SII and high SII groups were 86.14% and 69.02% respectively， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=14.76，P<0.001）. Univariate analysis showed that age （HR=2.58， 95%CI： 1.54-4.32，P<0.001）， T stage （HR=2.41， 95%CI： 1.24-4.68，P=0.009）， N stage （HR=3.03， 95%CI： 1.85-4.94，P<0.001）， TNM stage （HR=3.61， 95%CI： 2.15-6.04，P<0.001）， nerve invasion （HR=1.97， 95%CI： 1.27-3.08，P=0.002）， vascular invasion （HR=2.31， 95%CI： 1.49-3.59，P<0.001）， preoperative SIS 1 score（HR=5.09， 95%CI： 1.57-16.56，P=0.007）， SIS 2 score （HR=11.05， 95%CI： 3.42-35.65，P<0.001）， NLR （HR=2.97， 95%CI： 1.90-4.64，P<0.001）， LMR （HR=0.31， 95%CI： 0.19-0.52，P<0.001）， and SII （HR=2.50， 95%CI： 1.54-4.06，P<0.001） were all independent influence factors affecting the postoperative prognosis of CRC patients undergoing radical surgical resection； multivariate analysis showed that age >60 years （HR=2.27， 95%CI： 1.31-3.91，P=0.003）， TNM stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ （HR=7.08， 95%CI： 1.89-26.59，P=0.004）， and preoperative SIS 2 score （HR=4.02， 95%CI： 1.09-14.83，P=0.037） were all independent risk factors affecting the postoperative prognosis of CRC patients undergoing radical surgical resection. The nomogram model built based on the screened variables has high prediction accuracy： the C-index of the nomogram was 0.75.ConclusionAge>60 years old， TNM stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ， SIS 2 score are all independent risk factors for postoperative prognosis of colorectal cancer. The nomograph model constructed by this method has high prediction accuracy. Table and Figures|Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Research progress of copper death in tumor Li Zhiyuan, Jia Xiuhong Journal of International Oncology 2025, 52 (3): 163-168. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240727-00025 Abstract（ 318） HTML（ 5） PDF（pc）（787KB）（ 34） Knowledge map Save Copper death is a newly discovered copper-dependent cell death mode that causes protein-toxic stress and triggers cell death by affecting mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycling and iron-sulfur tuftin loss. In recent years，with the in-depth study of the mechanism of copper death，it has been found that the genes related to copper death may be related to the clinical characteristics and prognosis of tumors，which can be used as potential biological targets for the diagnosis or treatment of tumors. At the same time，drugs targeting copper ions such as copper ionophores，copper chelators and copper containing complexes are widely studied. Further study on the mechanism of copper death in the development of tumor can provide new ideas for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Research progress of EBV in tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma Xu Fenglin, Wu Gang Journal of International Oncology 2024, 51 (6): 359-363. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240119-00062 Abstract（ 316） HTML（ 10） PDF（pc）（698KB）（ 64） Knowledge map Save Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a type of cancer closely related to Epstein-Barr virus （EBV） infection and is accompanied by high-level immune cell infiltration around the cancer nest. There are two immune cells with opposite functions in the tumor immune microenvironment （TIME） of EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However， due to the effects of EBV surface membrane proteins and interferon-γ and the high expression of programmed death receptor-1， TIME behaves as immunosuppressive effects. Immunotherapy utilizes the immunosuppressive properties of TIME to alter the level of immune response， thereby inhibiting the progression of nasopharyngeal cancer. Immunotherapy methods for EBV-related nasopharyngeal carcinoma include immune checkpoint inhibitors， cellular immunotherapy， tumor vaccines and oncolytic virus immunotherapy. Further exploration of the relationship between EBV and TIME and the role of EBV in the immunotherapy strategy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma can provide a basis for precise immunotherapy of EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Research progress on tumor microenvironment and immune combination therapy of MSS colorectal cancer Xu Liangfu, Li Yuanfei Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (3): 186-190. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20221213-00037 Abstract（ 315） HTML（ 5） PDF（pc）（716KB）（ 153） Knowledge map Save In recent years， immunotherapy， especially immune checkpoint inhibitors， has shown obvious advantages in prolonging the survival of patients with advanced tumors， and the tumor microenvironment is one of the important factors affecting the efficacy of immunity. Patients with microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer exhibit immune responses in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. In-depth exploration of the tumor microenvironment characteristics of microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer and the application of combined immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy can provide new ideas and directions for colorectal cancer immunotherapy. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）

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Correlation between blood lipid level and gastric cancer Ji Wei, Guan Quanlin, Chen Yarui, Jiao Fuzhi, Luo Qianwen Journal of International Oncology 2023, 50 (3): 183-185. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20221103-00036 Abstract（ 306） HTML（ 11） PDF（pc）（678KB）（ 95） Knowledge map Save Patients with gastric cancer often have different degrees of dyslipidemia， and the level of lipid changes is closely related to the occurrence， development and prognosis of gastric cancer. The mechanism of lipid metabolism in gastric cancer has also attracted much attention， and it may be related to the reverse cholesterol transport function， antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition， statins may reduce the risk of gastric cancer and associated mortality. Further research on the correlation between blood lipid levels and gastric cancer is aimed to provide new ideas for the future prevention and precision diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Reference|Related Articles|Metrics|Comments（0）