Esophageal cancer cases in China account for more than 50% of the world， among which approximately 90% are histological subtypes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Over 50% of esophageal cancer patients are initially diagnosed at locally advanced or advanced stages. The R0 resection rate with surgical treatment alone is relatively low， and local recurrence and distant metastasis are prone to occur， resulting in a low 5-year survival rate. Recent research has focused on neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer， but the most effective form of such therapy remains undetermined. Immunotherapy is currently the most active research field in tumor treatment. Further exploration of the treatment model combing immunotherapy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy is expected to improve the therapeutic effect and survival benefit in patients with locally advanced resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.